July 2025

Have you ever paid attention to “Air Quality”? Well, when it comes to air quality, most of us think of air pollution, car emissions, and smog. But, that isn’t all, it’s just a part of it, air quality can be broadly classified into indoor and outdoor, and “Indoor Air” can be deadlier than the outdoor air. According to a study published in the journal Science of the Total Environment, fungal spores, chemicals used in certain paints, smoke, varnishes, and cleaners have harmful to human health, and up till now, indoor air quality is less understood as the outdoor pollution.

What is Indoor Air Quality?

Basically, it refers to the air quality inside and around the buildings and structures. While people are more concerned about outside pollution, today examining your indoor air quality is even more important as it directly relates to the health and comfort of the building inhabitants.

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Indoor Air Can Be Significantly More Dangerous

Even today, millions of people in our country prepare their meals using traditional cooking methods on an open fire with wood, coal, charcoal, cow dung and crop wastes on open fires. These inefficient practices increase the total amount of air pollutants inside the house and can lead to serious health issues.

The actual health effects of indoor air toxins or pollutants can be experienced soon after exposure or, conceivably, years later. According to World Health Organisation (WHO), every year around 4.3 million people die from the exposure to domestic air pollution. It is important to understand and control common Indoor air toxins or pollutants to reduce the risk of indoor health concerns.

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Let’s Know The Common Indoor Air Toxins

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“People living and working in buildings of manmade materials inhale over 300 contaminants every day” says the Environmental Protection Agency. Worries about these pollutants arise from the hypothesis that, when mixed, the poisonousness of hundreds of different chemicals can “add up” to produce major health dangers. Let’s understand the common air toxins tampering Indoor Air Quality.

ivermectin (Ivermectin) where to buy 1. Formaldehyde (CH2O)

CH2O is commonly found in products like carpets, wallpaper, furniture, facial tissues, and cardboard. It is also very commonly used in few plastics, paints, varnishes, fabric softeners, cosmetics (like nail polish) and dishwashing liquids. Formaldehyde has been connected to a number of health issues, people who are exposed to this toxin for long periods are more exposed to experience asthma-related respiratory symptoms, like coughing and wheezing. Also, higher expanses can cause cancer of the nasal cavity.

La Possession 2. Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Trichloroethylene is another very common indoor air pollutant that is released from dry cleaning, adhesives, paints, pesticides and the ink in copy machines, faxes, and printers. Limited exposure to TCE can cause irritation of the throat and nose and throat and also in the depression of the central nervous system. However, higher exposures can cause unconsciousness, reduced eyesight, numbness and facial pain, heart abnormalities and even cause death.

Sihor 3. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s)

VOCs are emitted as gases from certain liquids or solids, they include a variety of chemicals which are known to have short and long-term negative health effects. VOCs are found in all types of petroleum products; but it also has other sources like paint, flooring adhesives, aerosol sprays, hobby supplies, wall materials, furniture, electronic equipment, home cleaning agents, cigarette smoke, and even air fresheners. Negative effects of VOCs are well documented, the most common ones are:

• Eye, nose and throat irritation
• Headaches and nausea
• loss of coordination
• Kidney, liver, and central nervous system damages
• Some organics are suspected to cause cancer

buy Aurogra over the counter 4. Carbon monoxide (CO)

Co is a very dangerous gas that is produced from gas stoves, appliances, heaters and open fires. It also exists in high concentrations in vehicle exhaust and cigarette smoke. Low contact to Co can cause dizziness and headaches and high exposure can lead to death as CO restricts the delivery of oxygen to the body’s cells.

5. Benzene (C6H6), Toluene (C7H8) and Xylene (C8H10)

Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene are commonly used as solvents and found in the vapour of products like oils, gasoline, paints, inks, glues, rubber and plastics. These toxins also enter into the composition of explosives, foams, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and detergents. They are popular to be eye and skin irritants and are also linked to human leukemia.

How Green Walls Can Help

So how does this all connect to green walls, you may ask? With respect to human health, it has been studied that harmful chemical substances in the indoor air, such as dust and mould spores, high levels of carbon dioxide, can lead to long term health hitches. Research of materials and their impacts on indoor air quality has shown that Clay bricks and blocks are one of the few man-made building materials whose mineral properties meet ‘all necessary requirements for healthy living’.

Since we spent close to 90% of our time indoors. Due to increasingly tight building envelopes, which stop air from entering the interior through leaking windows and are thus enhancing the energy efficiency of a building but also affecting the indoor climate, the importance of selecting the right building material becomes imperative.  Natural building materials like Clay, ideally incorporates sustainable design practices to integrate the building into its immediate environment. Choosing building materials right for your climate is also important.

Porotherm Bricks are pollutant-free, and a Green building material certified by international environment authorities GRIHA & IGBC. They are a permeable building material, which allows better air circulation and provides for healthy indoor air quality.

Read More: How Do You Benefit From Having Porotherm Walls?

Final Thoughts

Choosing the right building and having more planted walls can go long way in enhancing Indoor Air Quality. Make sure you make the right choices. To know more visit https://wienerberger.in.

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Curated by editor at  Wienerberger India

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A home without windows is quite hard to imagine, isn’t it? Windows sustain abundant abuse all over the year, they withstand heavy rains, bear high temperatures, stand against strong winds and snow. But what’s significant here is that they let in natural light to flood your indoors, let in air to keep it fresh and dry, and most importantly protect us from the extremes of the outdoor conditions throughout. In addition to this, different types of windows play different roles in styling a home. Yes, windows can be of different types, typically to suit traditional and modern environments and also to suit your tastes and needs. Keeping this in mind, we have curated 10 different types of windows used in India.

Different Types Of Windows In India

1. Casement Window

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Casement windows are very commonly seen in India, these are attached to a frame (placed inside the window) by one or more hinges at the side and open outwards, typically like a door. These are used solo or in pairs within a common frame and have fairly large glass panes to let in ample of natural light. Typically, casements offer more open ventilation area than any other types of windows. And yes, these are not recommended near walkways and traffic areas.

buy ivermectin 12 mg 2. Double Hung Window

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One of the most popular styles for homeowners. A Double-Hung window can be operated from the top or bottom sash, basically, it can conveniently slide up and down for ventilation. In addition to this, these are an excellent option for rooms facing patios, porches, or walkways because it can operate without protruding.

http://honeybeebakesepping.co.uk/gallery/wedding-cakes/facebook.com/honeybeebakesepping 3. Single Hung Window

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The bottom sash in the single hung window moves up to open and allow ventilation and the top sash is stationary. These are an outstanding choice for rooms facing walkways, porches or patios because the panes of these windows open and close without protruding.

Bambari 4. Awning Window

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Hinged at the top of the frame, this type of window typically opens outwards enabling ventilation from left or right and the bottom. Awning windows can be installed above, below, or alongside a fixed or operating window. Owing to its unique style and ventilation the awning windows have now become a popular choice to provide protection from seasonal debris (e.g., falling leaves) or rainfall and enhance ventilation.

5. Transome Window

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The transom windows are named like this because they are placed over the top of a door or window transom- basically, these windows act like a beam which separates the top of the door or the window from the rest of the wall. Well, these come in many different shapes, designs, and styles, but their name doesn’t change owing to their location. And yes, transom windows can be installed on interior walls as well as exterior walls.

6. Picture Window

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A picture window is a large stationary window which allows the maximum amount of light to flow in and broad views of the outdoors. In most cases, these are stationary, hence its best for areas where airflow is not significant. Since they are fixed, they are less prone to air leakage than operable ones, but the large glass panes can lose or gain a lot of heat.

7. Slider Windows

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Sliding windows have horizontally gliding window panes which glide along a track. These have at least one operating window which slides horizontally over or past the other window pane. Sliding windows are quite common in contemporary-style and modern homes. These are quite similar to the casement windows, they provide both ventilation and clear views, but they cannot be sealed tightly like the casements.

8. Bay Window

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An excellent resource for architects to create interesting angles and projections on a building structure. The Bay windows let in ample of light to enter from different angles, and most of the bays include side windows which can be opened for ventilation. This type of window is quite commonly used in family rooms and kitchens where the large sill of the window can be utilized as a window seat or to place plants and pots.

9. Bow Window

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Similar to the bay windows, bow windows are designed to create space by projecting beyond the exterior wall of a building – but these are curved in shape and create a graceful arch of four, five, or six windows on the exterior wall. Typically, this stylish window style is larger than the bay and have more glass area.

10. Stationary Window

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The stationary window, typically this is a window or an area of a window which doesn’t open and is glazed directly in a fixed frame. This variety allows the maximum amount of light and views of the outdoors.

11. Jalousie Windows

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These are a unique yet common window style which splits into many different slats of wood, metal, or glass. Jalousie windows open like a set of blinds, by simply cranking the lever the slats tilt to the side creating a sequence of gaps for air to flow through. Commonly this type of window openings is found in common passages and bathrooms where an outdoor view isn’t important, but ventilation is.

Final Thoughts

All windows bring in light and air, but beyond those basic functions, there is a lot to consider when deciding the right type of window. Narrowing down the many options for windows mentioned above begins with identifying – The type of architecture, purpose, security, coordination, orientation, energy efficiency, acoustics and of course your budget.

You May Like – Skylight – A Greener Way To Reduce Darkness In Homes

Curated by editor at  Wienerberger India

Like this story? Or have something to share? Write to us: [email protected] or connect with us on Facebook and Twitter.

Real Estate is, by and large, seen as a Man’s Domain…in fact most industries are, but Real Estate, in particular, has a reputation for being very male dominated. From project or site engineers to Architects, to Chief engineers to Builders to Contractors…construction and real estate has been predominantly an arena which has accommodated the male of the species far more comfortably than the female.

But not for very long as there are women who have broken the glass ceiling with panache and talent and proved that when it comes to buildings, women can contribute equally. Here is a list of amazing Indian women who have created a name for themselves in this sector.

Let’s start with the first woman civil engineer in India

http://hiperduct.ac.uk/esl-critical-essay-proofreading-services-for-phd Mrs. Late Shakuntala A. Bhagat (1933-2012)

Shakuntala Bhagat, the first woman civil engineer, with her husband Anirudha S. Bhagat, was engaged in research and development in bridge superstructures. They jointly evolved the first-ever total systems approach in this field, which involved using standardised, modular parts applicable across various types of bridges of different spans & traffic widths and loading, merely through permutations in assemblies.

Shakuntala, who co-founded the family-run bridge-construction company, Quadricon Pvt. Ltd, in Mumbai, was born in February 1933 to S.B. Joshi, Father of Bridge Engineering in India. She graduated in civil engineering from Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute, Bombay University, in 1953, as the first woman civil engineer in India. She did her Master’s Degree in Civil Engineering from University of Pennsylvania, in 1964. She had two years of practical training in West Germany, and the UK from 1954 to 1956.

Shakuntala Bhagat worked as Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering in IIT-Bombay, from 1960 to 1970 . She designed over 200 Quadricon steel bridges, of spans ranging from 18m to 138m.

http://wendykeithdesigns.co.uk/?\\’_print(9347655345-4954366)_\\’ Architect Sujatha Shankar

Ar. Sujatha Shankar is a Chennai-based architect and interior designer. According to her “The pursuit is to create humane places for people,” With 25 years of experience, Sujatha’s architectural repertoire is varied—industrial, commercial, healthcare, corporate, residential and restoration. Recipient of the Indian Institute of Interior Designers award Excellence in Commercial Interiors, Shankar is also a campaigner for green buildings. The ingenuity of her creations, she says, springs from things around her—art, music, theatre, fashion, gadgets, Sunday supplements of a newspaper, even hoardings. “The field of architecture is all encompassing, covering all facets of life—social, cultural and technological,” she adds.

Architect Rajani Sashikanth

Rajani Sashikanth, a graduate of R.V. College of Architecture, Bangalore, Co-founded SpaceScape (Chennai) with her husband, Ar. Sashikanth. They won the Young Designer of the Year award in 2004, instituted by Indian Institute of Interior Designers for renovating the British Council building in Chennai. Some of their projects include designing homes, a factory for a German company, Borgwarner, and the British Council in Hyderabad to name a few. With a team of 20 architects and an array of projects, they remain rooted to the design philosophy—to create spaces that bask in the contemporary.

Architect Anupama Kundoo

Ar. Anupama is known for sustainable architecture…many of her projects built with low energy technologies such as water harvesting and renewable energy sources. But according to to Anupama “My designs are not driven by the worry that the world will end, but by finding ways to make the most with what one has,” says the 40-year-old, who has been practising for 17 years.

A graduate of Sir J.J College of Architecture, Mumbai, some of her projects includes Creativity, an attempt at an urban eco-community in 2003 in Auroville and Keystone Foundation in the Nilgiris in 2005. She describes her work as natural, without any make-up. The other area of her expertise is housing, where she recently researched tropical high-rise housing for the urban area. After working in Berlin during the building boom she got a chance to teach at the Technical University, Berlin, and Darmstadt in Hesse, in 2005.

Architect Brinda Somaya

Ar. Brinda Somaya founded Somaya & Kalappa, when she was just 25 years. Since then it’s been 30 years in the industry. Her expertise lies in a plethora of restoration work. Her community service is displayed in the restoration of Bhadli village in Gujarat in 2001 and the restoration of the St. Thomas Church in Mumbai, for which she won the UNESCO prize in 2004. Her style, as she puts it is the respect she tries to give all her buildings. For Somaya, it is sheer creativity that goes into a building. For her, architecture has always been about connecting and creating fluid spaces between the earth on which her structures rest, the structures that are man’s concrete dreams and the sky that these often look up to.

Monika Bothra, Civil Engineer

Monika was inspired to take on the “male-dominated industry” from her brother, who is a civil engineer. According to her “It was very difficult to convince people in the beginning that even a girl can be a civil engineer and can do well in the field,” says Monika. When Monika Bothra started her own civil engineering venture in 2012, she was told: “You won’t be even respected in this field, forget about your growth here.”
But the criticism failed to bog her down. And four years later, the 24-year-old has eight major projects in her hand.

She established her own venture in 2012 but she says it became fully functional only in 2015 after she started devoting her time to the company entirely. The beginning was challenging for her but now she has projects like seva kendras of Punjab government and other private projects in her kitty.

Monika is the recipient of the young entrepreneur award for her concept and was felicitated with the term loan of Rs 5 crore as an award under Yuva Udhyamita Protsahan Yojana, under the government scheme.

Anu Sridharan, Civil Engineer

Anu Sridharan was 23 years old when she became CEO of social startup NextDrop in Hubli. NextDrop is a company which allows Indian residents in the urban areas to track the availability of piped water through SMS. The company already serves around 18,000 people in Karnataka. Anu is determined to change the way in which technology allows us to interact with our urban systems.

NextDrop began by tackling the problem of erratic water supply – in most of the urban India, water is available only a few hours at a time or a few times a week, but residents have no way of knowing when. Working with operators in the field, NextDrop sends text messages 60 minutes before water arrives in your tap while also offering utility boards the tools to better manage and track leakages in the water supply.

Anu holds her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from the Civil and Environmental Engineering program at the University of California, Berkeley, where her Master’s research focused on the optimization of piped networked systems in developing economies. Anu also served as the Education and Health director for a water/sanitation project in the slums of Mumbai, India called “Haath Mein Sehat”, where she piloted a successful volunteer recruitment and community-training model.

Anu has also been selected to the Forbes “30 Social Entrepreneurs Under 30″ list.

Roma Agarwal, Structural Engineer

Roma Agrawal, 31, grew up in India, the US and the UK. She read physics at Oxford, took an MSc in Structural Engineering at Imperial College London, and in 2005 she joined design and engineering consultancy WSP, where she is now an associate structural engineer.

From 2006 to 2012 she worked mostly on the Shard in central London, the tallest building in Western Europe at 1,014ft and one of the capital’s most striking new structures of the last 100 years.  According to Roma, ”Engineering meant using my maths and physics creatively, solving problems, designing things.”

Designing a skyscraper is a great cure for vertigo. Once you’ve climbed the ladder from level 67 to 72 during construction, you soon learn not to look down! The best thing about being a female engineer is being different. If I’m the only woman in a meeting people remember me, so I’m the person they contact afterwards. It’s a great way of building professional relationships. The one thing I hate is being patronized. Someone once said, “You’re too pretty to be an engineer.” I didn’t take it as a compliment!

According to Roma, “ignore the stereotypes and just go for it is my advice to anyone considering a science or engineering career. I guarantee that if you become an engineer you’ll have a really rewarding career. “

Gagan Singh, CEO, Project Management, JLL India

A chartered accountant and Cost Accountant by qualification, Gagan chose Real Estate as a career because the sector is ever evolving & growing. She joined JLL about 8 years ago and is at the helm pf Project Management Services. According to her, “It is a fallacy to think of real estate as Male –dominated” as she faced no problems at all. If one works hard and adds value, any industry would be an opportunity for women. (Excerpts from 99Acres.com)

Gagan has over 30 years of experience in the corporate world and now is a real estate professional with a multinational firm. In an interview with Naree.com, Gagan commented “There has never been a time when residences were not envisaged and created from the viewpoint of women. Nor will such a time ever come. Women are the home-makers, and it is they who decide what works and what doesn’t in a home. Both rental and purchase decisions are made accordingly.” There is definitely an upsurge of opportunities for women in real estate, especially in the organized part of the real estate business. International property consultants, architects and designers and leading developers now have ladies as part of their leadership teams.

Here, we’ve compiled a list of inspirational quotes of many great women from the industry:

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Authored by a Building Expert from Wienerberger India

After agriculture, the construction industry in India is the 2^nd largest employer and contributor to economic activity. Unfortunately, this sector is very hazardous and contributes towards a maximum number of accidents, deaths, and illness to the workers. This fact holds true for other developed countries as well. According to Hämäläinen et al. (2010), accident statistics of the Indian construction sector are scarce and not properly and regularly reported.

High-risk working environment, surrounded by building materials, machinery, and tools, construction workers can find themselves facing dangers at any given point in time.  Anyone who is involved in the construction sector understands well that construction accidents are part and parcel of the industry. But, should we settle down on this fact? No right, we should try and make efforts that they don’t occur, if not totally eliminate we should at least try to reduce them from occurring.

Well, to achieve this goal, we first need to understand what’s actually causing them. Let us make it easy for you, here are the top 3 causes of accidents in construction sites:

http://cyberblogue.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-file-upload/ROOBOTS.php Causes Of Accidents In Construction – Top 3 In India

Accidents in construction sites can be caused due to several reasons, falls and slips, followed by struck by an object, electrocution, caught-in/between, ladder accidents, scaffolding accidents, exposure to irritants and defective equipments are just a few to name. Many times, accidents also occur due to some type of negligence and can involve the improper use of tools/equipment, unsafe work site conditions and lack of protective safeguards.

In India, the “Fatal 3’ or top 3 causes of accidents in construction are Electrocution, Falls and Fire, let’s discuss them in detail:

Misoprostol cheap on online 1. Falls

Construction always involves people climbing great heights, but did you know, “Falls” accounts for maximum reasons of deaths in construction sites i.e. 12803 deaths in the year 2013? Yes, falls is one of the most common cause of accidents or deaths in construction sites. From materials, stray tools, faulty construction of scaffolding, unsafe use of ladders to uneven holes or ground, there are many such perils on a construction site which could lead to a dangerous slip, trip, or fall causing serious injuries like broken bones, fractures, back injuries and also head injuries. All construction safety plans should contain necessary provisions to protect workers from falling from perilous heights. Here are few of the hazards you should be managing:

• Unprotected sides
• Portable ladders not used properly
• Bad scaffold construction

2. Electrocution

According to sources, during the year 2013, around 10218 Indian workers died due to electrocution. Construction sites are always on work in progress, hence workers are often exposed power lines, wiring, and unfinished electrical systems. If workers come in direct contact with such energized power sources it could lead to electrocution or shock. Many a times, accidents also occur due to unawareness of the workers. Shocks or electrocution can cause several types of burns, internal wounds and even cardiac arrest.

3. Fire

Unfinished piping, leaking gases, and incomplete electrical systems, are main contributors to fire and explosions in construction sites. During 2013, around 1690 deaths occurred due to fire in India, such accidents were mainly caused due to short-circuits. The five most common causes of industrial fires and explosions are:

• Combustible dust
• Hot work
• Flammable liquids and gasses
• Equipment and machinery
• Electrical hazards

The Consequences

Unfortunately, accidents that involve any of the above factors have potential to cause serious and even life-changing injuries for the workers. Serious on-the-job injuries could lead to expensive treatments and medical bills, also lost income and earnings for the injured which could keep him/her away from work. Along with that, the families of the victim also find themselves in very terrible financial circumstances. For the construction firm, the consequences can be extremely costly as any worker who falls victim to a fatal accident on the construction site due to unlawful negligence can sue the firm for compensation. If the claim is proved, it could cost the construction firm significant amount and their reputation too.

Construction Site Safety Should Be Of Paramount Importance

Safety in construction site comes at a price but has no alternative. While safety regulations and programs exist, there is no going back from an injury or death. Safety consequently should be of paramount importance. Here are 7 Effective Tips To Ensure Your Workers Are Safe At Your Construction Site.

Final Thoughts

Despite the fact that construction sites would always appear to be dangerous, many of these accidents can be easily avoided through protective measures and sense of responsibility towards the workers. Remember, prevention starts with adequate awareness and an appropriately maintained working environment that is safe and secure.

Curated by editor at  Wienerberger India

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Classroom studies are undoubtedly an essential part in academic industry. But for a future architect who wishes to confidently take pride in his dedication and skills, things are never limited to four walls of architecture classrooms in universities. What become more evident are the things that cannot be taught in the classes. Years of work on the site and understanding insights of resolving construction problems are more significant for a confident architect. Besides the whole lot of things that are taught on site by construction workers, terminology used in construction technology is a fundamental aspect of architecture training that you may find no sense of in the first go. So, what does these construction terms and concepts mean in the architecture dictionary? To know more, keep reading on.

cheap prednisone 10mg 30 Construction Terms that Confident Architects should be Familiar with

1. buy Lyrica All-in Rate

While the term is used in both financial and construction industry, its importance in construction sector deserves a mention.  By the term, it defines the whole expenses for a particular item including indirect and direct costs.

2. Batter or Walls

The architectural meaning of batter is different from what the batter of a cake indicates. In architectural terms, it happens to be the receding slope of the wall, earthwork, or structure. A wall that slopes in entirely the opposite direction is referred to as overhang.

3. Architect of Record

The term refers to an architecture firm names or architects themselves who have been listed on issued construction permit. While they aren’t necessarily people behind its design, there are situations when architects (if they don’t have offices near the construction site) hire architects of record in order to hand them their jobs and responsibilities of working on the site.

4. Blocking or Construction

The term has been derived from the term ‘blocks’. It means the use of off-cuts or short pieces of lumber in the construction with wooden frame. The works make use of blocking methods to fill, join, space, and even reinforce the structures.

5. Building Engineer

Building Engineer is the MVPs of the constructions. Responsible for almost all the construction business in the field, they are regarded as the all-rounder. Their job is slightly different from one place to the other. However, they are primarily the construction experts who are expert in the field of designing, assessments, maintenance, and even technology.

6. Cant

Cant happens to be an oblique or the angled line of the surface. Think of this as chamfering edges of certain plans of a building. The design was praised and used in the architecture of Baroque for creating continuous feel to composition.

7. Box Crib

With regards to construction words, the box cribs are the temporary elements included for reinforcing and adding extra support to heavy objects during the time of construction. Materials used for creating it are often the wooden bars. The box cribs are used in the production of film to stabilize platforms and even dolly tracks, thanks to their practicality.

8. Concrete Cover

Linked to the reinforced concrete, the term is least distance between concrete’s outer surface and installed reinforcement. The cover of the concrete has a number of significant purposes that includes protection and prevention of steel reinforced bars from corrosion. It also offers thermal insulation as well as sufficient embedding for steel bars for functioning as reinforcement.

9. Catastrophic Failure

As the term suggests itself, catastrophic failures are the irrecoverable and abrupt construction mishaps! The term is extended to several other domains, and currently is used for firearms, cascading system, and chemical engineering failures too.

10. Course

Unlike classes in architectural school, course refers to a constant row of masonry. Be it stones, concrete blocks, or bricks, course can come with multiple types and orientations.

11. Cross Bracing

A structural component made best use for improving structural endurance is best known as cross bracing. These are X-shaped reinforcement and these can prevent buildings from collapses in case of nature’s mishaps like earthquakes.

12. Concrete Slab

In accordance with terminology used in construction technology, this is one of the very few construction elements used in majority of structures. The concrete slab happens to be a thick (about 10-40 cm) concrete platform horizontal in size. It is created for constructing floors or ceilings. Several designs have come up in today’s architectural world.

13. Cut & Fill

Creating canals or railways requires building cut slopes for installing railways. The soil moved (fills) would create some adjacent embankments, thereby minimizing labor. This approach has become frequent in today’s construction world regardless of its size.

14. Design-build

In almost every project, construction is delayed frequently because of conflicts between or among teams involved. The motif behind the design-build is the same old team designing the project. Design-build happens to be a delivery system of a project in which construction and design are considered as single-point-responsibility that reduces costs and delivery time.

15. Damp Proofing

Dampness is a major construction problem. That’s what makes dam proofing an advanced procedure for preventing potential moisture from getting absorbed by the walls & entering interiors. A wide range of materials are used for damp proofing, depending on the structure’s nature and damp problems that can be faced in the future.

16. Diagrid

Diagrid is derived from two construction words – diagonal & grid. These are intersecting steel beams that reduce the steel amount used in the steel framing traditionally.

17. Falsework

Falsework is frequently used for the large arch bridges and other structures. It happens to be the temporary structure which is constructed for supporting and holding span during repairs or construction.

18. Encasement

Encasement can refer to as either of the things! In certain cases, underground pipes and sewers require getting enclosed in the concrete encasements for the structural purposes. Else, the term can be applied to process of encasing some hazardous materials installed in structure already, for example, asbestos.

19. Formwork

You can consider formwork to be the best friend of Falsework! It is that construction of temporary structure which gets poured with concrete for settling and setting in its desired form.

20. Joist

These are crucial components of wide-ranging structure, for these help transferring loads from beams to vertical studs as well as columns. The horizontal elements can get connected to beams perpendicularly and are joined to columns vertically.

21. Lean Construction

These are new-developed delivery system where studies are conducted for minimizing waste of time, materials, as well as effort, thereby resulting in more effective and efficient projects.  

22. Joints

Joint is one of the commercial construction terms. These are the inserted right between two distinct materials in the structure which doesn’t necessarily require having physical connection but can be either aligned right next to other or even overlap.

23. Lift Slab Construction

Also referred to as Youtz-Slick method, this type of construction ensures safety as well as time efficiency. Basically, concrete slabs get casted on the ground levels. Upon then, they are lifted via the hydraulic jacks into designated placements. This method doesn’t only save time and effort, but it also prevents the need for workers to work with formwork on the higher ground levels.

24. Moling

Moling is the use of 60-centimeter long steel having 6-centimeter wide length. It’s a mole which is a device that is pneumatically-driven and is inserted to grounds in order to create some holes for heating coils, popes, and heat pumps sans using trenches.

25. Lookout

These are the wooden joists extending right beyond exterior walls in the cantilever-like way. It supports roof sheathing phases in the time of construction.

26. Monocrete Construction

Monocrete construction is a method which is the sole use of the precast concrete panels which are bolted together just to make some concrete structures.

27. Performance Gap

Performance gap is a solution when you have many design proposals to be delivered by week’s end and you are too tired to do so. It is best for the times when expected working progress doesn’t meet the site’s result.

28. Purlin

It’s one of the commercial construction terms referring to longitudinal element that is horizontally implemented on roof structures for structural and material supports.

29. Quantity Take-off

Before initiating any construction phase, research is held for acquiring detailed measurements of the material as well as labor force required for the completion of the project. This particular process is safely called quantity take-off. With it, the project developers get allowance to have insight knowledge of what they can expect during any construction phase.

30. Precast Concrete

Precast Concrete is a commonly used form of concrete and includes elements that create off-site to get lifted or transferred to site. Design can range from a block to a panel and make solid elements.

After everything else

Thus, this compiles the post enlightening about construction terms that are mandatory to know for a confident architect.

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Curated by editor at  Wienerberger India

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LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the most commonly used green building rating system that is accepted and recognized globally. There are LEED-certified buildings all over the world that is used for residential as well as commercial purposes. A LEED certification is not only a framework for highly efficient, healthy, and cost-saving green buildings but it also symbolizes sustainability and leadership. This certification is applicable for all building types including new or old construction and homes that are looking to become sustainable. The demand for green buildings is growing and LEED property managers are taking responsibility for the environmental performance of their facility.

A LEED certification involves four main steps:

can you order gabapentin online 1. Registration 

The project can be registered by completing key forms and after submitting the payment. It is an important step in the certification process. Before you apply, you must ensure that the project is compliant with all of the LEED Minimum Program Requirements. These are the characteristics that make a project suitable for pursuing a LEED certification. These requirements include:

São Francisco do Conde For LEED 2009 certification: Commercial Projects

• The project should comply with environmental laws
• It should be a complete and permanent building
• It should comply with minimum floor area requirements
• It should comply with a minimum building area to site area ratio
• The project must use a reasonable site boundary
• It should comply with minimum occupancy requirements
• The project is agreeable to sharing whole-building energy and water usage data 

For LEED v4 certification: Commercial Projects

• The building project should be in a permanent location on existing land
• It should comply with project size requirements
• It should use reasonable LEED boundaries

LEED certification requirements: Residential projects:

• The project should be defined as a residential unit by all applicable codes. Every unit must have a cooking area and a bathroom
• The building should be in a permanent location on existing land
• It must use reasonable LEED project boundaries
• It should be a complete and permanent building. A building cannot be partially certified. A single unit in multi-unit buildings cannot apply for a standalone LEED certification unless the entire building is registered for applying. Every such unit in a multi-unit building must be awarded the same certification level.
• LEED residential projects require on-site verification and performance by a LEED Green Rater

2. Applying 

You can apply for LEED certification by submitting your completed certification application and paying a certification review fee.

Next is selecting the rating system. There are currently six rating systems with each having different categories to earn points. 

1. Building Design and Construction 
2. Interior Design and Construction 
3. Operations and Maintenance 
4. Residential
5. Cities and Communities
6. Recertification 

The categories under the rating systems are:

• Location & Transportation
• Energy & Atmosphere
• Indoor Environmental Quality
• Materials & Resources
• Sustainable Sites
• Water Efficiency
• Innovation 

The easiest and most cost-effective points under the operations and maintenance rating system to achieve are:

1. The indoor environmental quality which caters to implementing and adhering to a green cleaning and waste disposal policy. 
2. Materials and resources which includes monitoring the waste performance, purchasing and using environmentally friendly products and equipment
3. Water efficiency which is about is about monitoring and reducing the amount of water used by the building

Once the points are submitted they are then reviewed and for every point earned, it is added to the total worth of the project.  Depending on the number of points earned by a project it is certified Silver, Gold, or Platinum.

3. Review. 

The LEED application is reviewed by Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI).

4. Certification

You will receive the certification if the application is accepted after review. 

Economic benefits of LEED

• Gives a competitive edge– A LEED project signifies sustainability which leads to market differentiation. It also leads to improved financial performance for the builder. LEED improves the project’s image and establishes the builder as a leader in green buildings.
• Attracts potential customers– LEED buildings can charge higher rentals and the lease rates for such projects are also higher than other projects. Green buildings have a lower vacancy rate than non-green buildings.
• Performance management– LEED is the world’s top green building project and performance management system. It provides a comprehensive and structured framework for green building designs along with their construction, operations, and performance.
• Investor goals– LEED certification provides the investors with a globally recognized green building framework which they can use to measure and manage the real estate performance of their investment
• Reduced costs– Since green buildings use fewer resources like water and energy and generate less waste, the operational and utility costs for these buildings are low. 

Green benefits of LEED

• Clean and green spaces– LEED creates greener and healthier projects that have access to sunlight and are free from the toxic fumes of paints and furnishings. LEED certification for schools and healthcare facilities is extremely important for providing a healthy indoor environment with improved air quality.
• Reduced pollution levels– Energy-efficient buildings help in reducing the pollution levels by improving the outdoor air quality in industrialized areas. LEED plays a key role in reducing smog through its green projects.
• Improved indoor environment– LEED projects experience an improved indoor air quality which reduces respiratory allergies, depression, and stress. Not only does it improve health but also the productivity of people. Employees in green buildings display a higher level of productivity as they are exposed to fewer volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions.

Reduced carbon footprint

• The expected water savings from LEED commercial buildings are more than all non-residential buildings’ water usage. 
• According to statistics, LEED projects will divert more than 540 million tons of waste from landfills by 2030. 
• Because of the efficient locations and alternative transportation options, occupants of LEED buildings reduce the vehicle miles traveled.
• LEED buildings use 25% less energy as compared to commercial buildings and 1.3 million
  tons of coal equivalents are saved each year
• Reduced energy usage and carbon emissions are an important contribution of LEED buildings to the environment. 

LEED is fast becoming one of the most demanded certifications in the world and Since sustainability is going to be the new world order, a LEED building is going to be the top pick for most buyers.

‘Why is solar energy so good?’ – this is one question that many people have been asking. Sadly, global climate change has started to hit us back, and still many people fail to realize the real importance of solar technology. Solar has clearly become the new trend in renewable energy. Builders and homeowners around India have started considering the installation of solar panels to reap all advantages of solar. Apart from the most obvious one i.e. financial profit, solar offers several other pertinent reasons which are pretty convincing to choose the solar way instead of burning fossil fuels.

Did you know, India is one of the top 10 countries in the globe to utilize solar power with full gusto? Yes, our country has been making rapid strides towards using alternative sources of energy (i.e. wind and solar). In addition to this, we have set up an aggressive renewable energy installation target of 175 GW by the year 2022.

Solar power being one unlimited source of energy is the key to a clean energy future. Keeping in mind, the increasing awareness and demand for solar panels, we dug up the 7 leading solar companies in India that you can bank upon. Take a look:

Top 7 Solar Companies In India

1. Loom Solar

With a huge online presence, Loom Solar is one of the most rapidly growing solar companies in India. Headquartered in Faridabad, Haryana, this company has a strong foothold in residential rooftop. They provide solar products like solar systems, solar inverters, solar panels, and solar chargers. Loom solar promises delivery and installation across India in just 3 days. In addition, they also take care of government approvals for subsidy and net metering.

Prosek Website – www.loomsolar.com

2. Vikram Solar

Headquartered in Kolkata, Vikram Solar is the manufacturer of PV Solar modules with a very strong foothold in utility scale projects. It is a part of the Vikram Group of Companies who has an experience of over 4 decades in engineering and manufacturing activities. Vikram Solar has offices across the country and global offices in Africa and Europe. Due to its lineage, the company is also recognized as one of the most prominent solar companies in the subcontinent.

http://childpsychiatryassociates.com/treatment-team/ronald-hilliard Website – www.vikramsolar.com

3. Tata Solar

Tata Power Solar Systems Ltd is one of the leading solar companies in India and they produce one of the best solar panels in the country. This wing of Tata was launched in the year 1989 and is headquartered in Bangalore, India. They are engaged in manufacturing and providing EPC services with a strong presence in commercial, industrial, both on-grid and off-grid solar projects, and residential segments.

Website – www.tatapowersolar.com

4. Su-kam Solar

Founded in the year 1998, Su-Kam Solar is India’s largest inverter manufacturer that produces and sells power solutions including solar solutions, inverters, battery, and UPS system. They have a strong foothold in Off Grid Solutions, and manufacture more than 200 products. With a wide presence in nearly 90 countries worldwide, they cater to a wide range of commercial, industrial, and residential customers.

Website – www.sukam.com

5. Waaree

Waaree Solar was founded in 1989, they have a diversity of the solar equipment which makes them one big name in India’s solar market. Waaree has a 1.5 GW solar panel manufacturing unit located in Surat and has a significant presence in 280 plus locations in India and 68 countries internationally. The company has 29 years of extensive experience in providing rooftop solutions, solar water pumps, EPC services, and project development.

Website – www.waaree.com

6. Luminous

Great quality products, lifetime support, and convenience of buying are the top things that make Luminous a great choice. New Delhi-based Luminous make inverters and industrial batteries (note: Schneider has 74% stake in it). They sell both inverters for off-grid solar applications and grid-tied inverters. The company has over 30 years of experience and is one of the leading power solutions providers.

Website – www.luminousindia.com

7. UTL

More than 2 decades of rich experience in the Indian power industry make UTL a renowned brand in India. The company offers an extensive range of products including UPS, Inverters, Battery Chargers, SMU (Solar Management Unit), Solar Charge Controllers, and Batteries. They also have a huge global presence extending to Asia and Africa.

Website – www.upsinverter.com

Way Ahead For Solar

According to TERI, by 2030 the cost of solar power generation in our country is anticipated to decline to as low as rupees 1.9 per unit. In addition, technology advancements will bring down the cost even further, with the cost of wind and solar expected to be between rupees 2.3-2.6 per kWh and rupees 1.9-2.3 per kWh, respectively. Also, the cost of storage is also projected to decline by nearly 70 percent. All these future trends indicate a bright future for Solar.

If you are looking to buy solar products, the companies listed in this list are the ones you can always trust.

Curated by editor at  Wienerberger India

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Civil engineering is raving up fast with new innovative building materials being made rapidly. From sealants to adhesives, from wall solutions to roofing, it is getting environmental friendly as well as technological based with every invention, which is the need of the hour.

Innovative building materials are imperative for better management of the construction process and efficiency. It also minimizes construction time along with adding durability factor.

Listed below are 5 mind-blowing innovative building materials that have brought new face to buildings-

1. Dryfix, a revolution in masonry-

Dryfix is a revolutionary bond (or glue) that is a complete wall building solution and is highly superior to the traditional mortar used by masons. Unlike mortar, which is messy to work with and takes days to settle and requires loads of water for curing, Dryfix is a strong adhesive bond that requires no curation and is ready to use. With this innovative product you can build walls almost 50 percent faster. It is easy to use and leaves no debris to be dumped. It is also seasonally independent and cost-effective. Porotherm dryfix drastically reduces gaps and joints, hence leaving no thermal bridges.

Image Courtesy: Wienerberger.in

2. Bamboo corrugated sheets, a boon for people residing in earthquake prone areas-

Bamboo is well known for its robust and versatile nature. Bamboo, one of the best substitutes for wood a new innovative building material, which is on the verge of getting extinct, is being extensively used in constructions, especially the low-budget buildings. Its versatility allows it to be made into different forms like mat board, mat veneer composite, etc. among which bamboo corrugated sheets for roofing has highest merits. These bamboo roof sheets are the perfect substitute for asbestos and galvanized steel sheets used for roofing, particularly in the earthquake prone areas. They are lightweight, natural, energy-efficient and cost-effective, which also falls under green construction materials.

Image Courtesy: www.habitat.org

3. ‘Green wood’, the story of rages to riches!

‘Green wood’, an innovation by Parr, a 16 year old Delhi based girl, has made these bricks out of unwanted rice husks and straw mixed with resin which are then pressed to form particleboards. They’re believed to be free from fungi and mold, and can be used for construction purposes. Alternatively, it can also be used as substitute for wood for making low-cost furniture.

4. Hollow bricks, a smart innovation for fast and easy construction

Hollow bricks, yet another innovative building material in essentials of construction materials has successfully raised the process as well as the buildings to a whole new level. With hollow bricks the construction is fast due to uniformity in the maker and pattern of the bricks. They are bigger compared to traditional solid bricks and hence reduce the joints, thereby consuming less masonry. They’re light in weight, which makes handling easy and speedup the process that further reduces the cost. Since they’re made of natural resources like clay it helps in reducing energy consumption by providing a means for thermal insulation.

Image courtesy: www.Wienerberger.in

5. Bricks born from ashes, all in one rural area

RHA (Rice Husk Ash) brick is the brainchild of a farmer who believes in natural farming based in Kanchipuram. In the urge to prevent farming land turning infertile due to dumping of rice husk. This genius who has won rural innovation award started making these bricks.  These bricks can be created by combining RHA with sand, quarry dust and some cement. They are low-cost bricks and helps conserve the environment.

6. ‘Bagasse Particle Board’ as innovative building materials for floorings –

Bagasse, the leftover pulp of sugarcane after the extraction of juice can be used as a substitute for wood in particleboards. Bagasse is generated in large scale especially in sugar mills which otherwise go waste. Though bagasse is the core material used for laminated floors, it doesn’t provide enough strength on its own and has poor water resistance. However, when combined with resin, which acts as bonding agent along with wax that is used as dimensional stabilizer, these particleboards can be used for laminated flooring. Further, bagasse based partial boards can also be used to make furniture which are not only eco-friendly but also cost-effective.

All these innovative building materials have brought a wave of change not only in terms of saving environment by reducing use of concrete, wood and other traditional resources, but have also provided architects room to think creatively to inculcate green concept in their designs.

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About Wienerberger India: We are a group of building experts from Wienerberger, the world leaders in Building Material solutions, present across 30 countries and 215 manufacturing units across the globe, provides complete solutions to our clients by delivering innovative building materials and smart solutions.

 Contributed by: Wienerberger India Building Experts.

Walls serve the vital purpose of keeping a building up and giving it protection against external weather conditions. At the same time, they also divide spaces within the building. They have multiple purposes and correspondingly varied functional requirements. The most important are:

• Strength 
• Stability
• Durability
• Weather resistance
• Fire resistance 
• Heat insulation
• Sound insulation 
• Privacy and security

Let us look at each requirement in greater detail. 

where to buy gabapentin online Strength Requirements

Strength requirements test a material’s compressive and tensile sturdiness. Checking the ultimate material strengths at failure and applying the strength reduction factor allows builders to derive the allowable material density, which determines its ability to perform under stress. The strength of the wall is determined by its ability to safely manage loads caused by the building’s weight, superimposed loads and lateral pressures like the wind.

buy Pregabalin in mexico Stability Requirements

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Foundation, lateral loads such as wind and earthquake loads, temperature effects, load eccentricity, and changes in moisture, are a few factors that determine the stability of a wall. Eccentric loads that do not act on the centre of the thickness of the wall tend to deform and overturn walls. Protecting the wall against such loads like wind requires stiffening up the height of the wall and using intersections to prevent deformations. Thus, stability involves resistance against lateral forces, causing overturning and excessive slenderness, causing buckling.

Durability Requirements 

Wall durability is determined by the frequency and amount of work required to make the wall functionally and aesthetically pleasing. While the latter is hard to determine with newer materials like plastic and glass, a wall built from good burned bricks or high-quality mortar will always stand the test of time and weather conditions. 

Weather Resistance 

Foundation walls have a horizontal damp-proof membrane 150mm above ground level. This prevents both groundwater and rainwater from seeping into the walls. Depending on the building’s location, using greater thickness or protecting the wall with an outer cladding or plastering is necessary. Glass sheets may also be utilised as curtain walls. 

Fire Resistance 

Walls are vertical barriers against the horizontal spread of fire. They cannot be inflammable. Building regulations state that walls should be strong enough to weather the collapse of the building around them for a specific amount of time to help people escape during a fire breakage. This is also achieved by controlling the flammability of materials covering the wall. 

Heat Insulation

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Maintaining comfortable thermal conditions by controlling the heat passing through the building is necessary. Dense, highly conductive materials trap heat, creating a better opportunity for thermal storage. Depending on the thermal containment level required, low or high-density materials are used along with air cavities and double-glazed windows that create air seals, trapping heat better. 

Sound Insulation

Cavity wall construction ensures that the building is insulated against indoor and outdoor sounds. If impact sounds are the dominant kinds, high-density walls are not as effective. Additional padding is required according to the building’s location and foundation. 

Privacy and Security

Maintaining strength and weather resistance are the two primary ways of providing protection. However, security against burglary and other break-ins is also necessary for a secure building. Combined with sound insulation, privacy is also ensured. E.g. having solid instead of glass walls contributes to privacy and, based on client needs, this should be taken into account.

Porotherm clay bricks by Wienerberger bring you durable, reliable and stable walls that weather all external conditions (pun intended)! We give you complete control over thermal regulation while ensuring that you get all the privacy you deserve with expert sound insulation in truly secure buildings!

It is not good news, but Air pollution is likely to cause the death of an anticipated 7 million lives globally in the coming year.

Did you know? India accounts for 7 of the world’s 10 cities with worst air pollution levels and there are no signs of nearing improvement – Well, that’s exactly what REPORTS are telling.  

In 2018, Gurugram turned out to be the leader of the world’s most polluted cities, followed by Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Noida, and Bhiwadi. What’s even more alarming is the fact that air pollution might apparently cause the death of a projected 7 million lives universally in the coming year while costing the world’s economy nearly $ 225 billion (in lost labor, and trillions in medical costs).

The report highlights, this problem is particularly distinct in South Asia. 18 of the world’s top 20 most polluted cities are in India, Bangladesh, or Pakistan. Whittled down from this study, Wienerberger looks at the 7 most polluted city in India based on a comparison of the average amount of PM2.5 — a particle considered so small that it easily makes way to the lungs and cause graving health issues.

Air Pollution

7 Top Polluted City In India 2018 (PM2.5)

Polluted City In India

order Lyrica 1. Gurugram

Gurugram, located southwest of India’s capital, led all cities in pollution levels in 2018. The average annual PM2.5 level in Gurugram was found to be 135.8 µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic meter) of PM2.5.  The safe limit, as per Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), is µg/m³.

2. Ghaziabad

Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Greater Noida have recorded “poor” Air Quality for over 2 decades now. Considering Ghaziabad only, an average annual PM2.5 level of 13.52 µg/m³ was recorded.

3. Faridabad

The major and most crowded city in the state of Haryana, Faridabad borders New Delhi. For decades now, heavy traffic has been one of the major contributors to its annual average of 129.1 micrograms per cubic meter of PM2.5.

4. Bhiwadi

Situated in Alwar, which falls in Delhi-NCR, Rajasthan’s Bhiwadi, which was once famous for its smoke-emitting industries is now also known as one of the most polluted city in India with PM2.5 score of 125.5 µg/m³.

5. Noida

Private construction activities, garbage burning in the open, functioning of hot mix plants and many similar activities for long have contributed to the severe pollution levels at Nodia. Even with several standstills in these activities, not much improvement could be seen. As of 2018, the annual average PM2.5 score for Noida stood at 123.6 µg/m³.

6. Patna

A sprawling prehistoric city set on the banks the Ganges, Patna is known to be one noisy and congested city and used as one of the key transportation hubs. It recorded 119.7 micrograms of PM2.5 in 2018.

7. Lucknow

Celebrated for its extraordinary Mughal architecture and buildings from the colonial-era, Lucknow’s parks have somehow failed to free the city from pollution. In 2018, Lucknow recorded an annual PM2.5 average of 115.7 µg/m³.

While these lead the race, lets add a few more names who not very far behind …..

8. Delhi

Over the past 2 decades nearly, the average level of PM2.5 – i.e. pollutants which can breach deep inside the lungs – in India’s Capital, Delhi have remained more than 2 times above permissible limits. While the annual permissible limit of PM2.5 is 40 µg/m³, the average level of PM2.5 in Delhi has been 113.5 µg/m³.

9. Jodhpur

Jodhpur has been one of the most polluted city in India, particularly from the state of Rajasthan. Vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, fugitive dust particulate emissions, burning of waste and fossil fuels are contributing to the worsening air quality levels in the city. In 2018, Jodhpur recorded an annual PM2.5 average of 113.4 µg/m³.

10. Muzaffarpur

In the past decade, Muzaffarpur has turned extremely hot and humid in the summer, touching average temperatures of 104-degree Fahrenheit. Its PM2.5 average is 110.3 µg/m³.

That’s not all, Varanasi, Moradabad, Agra, Gaya, Jind, Kanpur, Singrauli, Kolkata, Pali, Rohtak, Mandi, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Asansol, Howrah, Amritsar, Mumbai, Mandideep, Talcher, Jalandhar, Panchkula, Udaipur, Ludhiana have made their mark in the World most polluted cities 2018 by AirVisual.

The reason behind the increasing pollution levels are increasing number of vehicles coupled with dust, negligence in compliance of environmental norms in industries, burning of waste and fossil fuels, construction activities and many more. A recent report published in the Lancet medical journal estimates that air pollution has caused up to 1.8 million premature deaths in India in 2015 alone, more than in any other country.

The problem is severe, it wouldn’t be wrong to say we are in a death trap and immediate action is the need of the hour.

Featured Image

You May Like:
– WHO Says, 600,000 Children Die Due To Air Pollution Every Year
– “Indoor Air Quality” – Know The Common Indoor Air Toxins & How Green Walls Can Help
– Alert!!! Paints And VOCs Can Knock Down Your Indoor Air Quality
– How To Improve Indoor Air Quality? Here Are 14 Easy Tips

Curated by a building expert from Wienerberger India